ARTS & CULTURE

An Ancient Marvel: Sungbo’s Eredo, Nigeria’s Lost Yoruba Kingdom

Published

3 hours ago

October 12, 2024

Sungbo's Eredo, Nigeria's Lost Yoruba Kingdom | fab.ng

Sungbo’s Eredo is a fascinating system of defensive walls and ditches. It is near Ijebu Ode, a Yoruba town in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Built between 800 and 1000 AD, this structure was erected in honour of Oloye Bilikisu Sungbo. She was a noblewoman from the Ijebu Kingdom.

Spanning more than 160 kilometers (99 miles), Sungbo’s Eredo remains one of the most notable earthworks in West Africa, serving as a testament to the engineering ingenuity of the time.

Construction and Features of Sungbo’s Eredo

The fortifications that make up Sungbo’s Eredo consist of a massive ditch and an earthen bank. With its smooth, sloping walls, the ditch is reinforced by a large bank on the inner side.

In some areas, the difference in height between the bottom of the ditch and the top of the bank reaches 20 meters (66 feet), a stunning feat given the rudimentary tools available during the construction period.

The entire structure forms a rough circle, enclosing the heart of the ancient Ijebu Kingdom. The ring stretches about 40 kilometres (25 miles) from north to south, and over time, trees and vegetation have grown around the walls, turning sections of the Eredo into lush, green tunnels.

Legends Surrounding Sungbo’s Eredo

The local people of Ijebu link Sungbo’s Eredo to Bilikisu Sungbo, a wealthy and childless widow. According to oral tradition, the massive earthwork was built as a personal memorial for her.

Another layer of legend claims that her grave is located in Oke-Eiri, a town just north of Sungbo’s Eredo. This is where pilgrims of different faiths — Christians, Muslims, and traditional African religious followers — visit annually to pay homage.

Interestingly, some historians and local folklore connect Bilikisu Sungbo with the legendary Queen of Sheba. She appears in both the Bible and the Quran.

In the Hebrew Bible, the Queen of Sheba is said to have brought gifts of gold, ivory, and other treasures to King Solomon. In Islamic tradition, she is an Ethiopian sun-worshipper who converts to Islam after meeting Solomon.

Some Islamic commentators even suggest her name was “Bilqis.” While this theory cannot be confirmed, it has fueled further curiosity about the origins of Sungbo’s Eredo.

Archaeological Findings and Theories

In 1999, archaeologist Patrick Darling led excavations at Sungbo’s Eredo. He unearthed evidence that pointed to a highly organized and large-scale polity in the region before the advent of the trans-Atlantic trade. Darling’s team discovered that the Eredo served a defensive purpose during construction. This was between 800 and 1000 AD.

This period is a time of political strife and consolidation within the southern Nigerian rainforest. Therefore, many believe Sungbo’s Eredo was part of a broader trend of building walls and ditches across western Nigeria. Moreover, it was similar to the fortifications found around Ifẹ̀, Ilesa, and the Benin Iya.

The construction of Sungbo’s Eredo is believed to have been driven by a desire. This desire is to unify diverse communities into a singular, powerful kingdom. Interestingly, the builders deliberately dug deep into the ground to reach groundwater or clay. Furthermore, this created swampy ditches in certain areas.

In some places, conical idol statues were placed at the bottom of these ditches, further adding to the cultural and spiritual significance of the site.

Modern Interest and Renewed Attention

Despite its historical significance, Sungbo’s Eredo remained relatively unknown outside of its immediate surroundings until the late 20th century. Forty years passed between Professor Peter Lloyd’s initial analysis of the site and Patrick Darling’s 1999 survey, which brought the ancient earthwork into the global spotlight.

Darling’s work led to widespread media attention. It ignited interest in preserving Sungbo’s Eredo and exploring its place in West African history. Although difficult to prove, he emphasized that the local belief in the site’s connection to the Queen of Sheba added an essential layer to its cultural importance.

In 2017, Ade Olufeko, a Nigerian polymath, led a freelance team on an ambitious project to map and explore Sungbo’s Eredo. Olufeko’s team combined advanced technology with historical research to document the site, reigniting interest in this ancient marvel.

Their work brought the site back into social dialogue and connected Sungbo’s Eredo to international academic circles, think tanks, and tourism. This effort has contributed to a better understanding of Sungbo’s Eredo and sparked new conversations about its place in Nigerian and global history.

Significance of Sungbo’s Eredo in West African History

The size and intricate construction of Sungbo’s Eredo have led scholars to reconsider the political and cultural development of West Africa before European contact.

The site shows that large, complex societies in the region were already flourishing long before the trans-Atlantic trade began. These communities on a massive scale, were capable of organizing labor, managing resources, and constructing monumental earthworks that rival those in other parts of the world.

Sungbo’s Eredo also underscores the importance of local traditions and spiritual beliefs in constructing ancient African societies. The inclusion of idol statues and the deliberate creation of swampy ditches point to the cultural and spiritual dimensions of the site. Indeed, this makes it not only a defensive fortification but also a place of ritual significance.

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10 Nigerian Proverbs To Sit On For Wisdom

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ARTS & CULTURE

10 Nigerian Proverbs To Sit On For Wisdom

Published

1 week ago

October 5, 2024

Adaeze Okechi

Nigerian Proverbs That Will Blow Your Mind | fab.ng

Nigerian cultures deeply embed proverbs into their daily communication. Nigeria is often called the giant of Africa, and they place particular emphasis on these pearls of wisdom.

Nigerian proverbs can be simultaneously witty, humorous, and occasionally provocative, though each saying ultimately conveys profound insights to those who can interpret their deeper meanings.

Africa’s linguistic landscape encompasses approximately 2,000 distinct languages, with Nigeria alone contributing over 500 to this diverse tapestry. Speakers originally conceived these proverbs in their respective local languages, adapting them to reflect specific cultural contexts and values.

To make these wisdom-packed sayings more accessible to a broader audience, translators have carefully rendered many of them into English, preserving their essence while bridging linguistic barriers.

These translations now allow people to explore and appreciate the rich collection of African and Nigerian proverbs, each accompanied by explanations that unlock their significance and cultural relevance.

1. “When the music changes, the dance also changes”

As life presents new situations and circumstances, people must adapt their approach and behaviour accordingly. This proverb teaches the importance of flexibility and situational awareness.

Just as dancers must adjust their movements to match changes in rhythm or melody, individuals must be ready to modify their strategies and responses as their environment or circumstances evolve. This proverb emphasizes adaptability as a crucial life skill.

2. “What an elder sees while sitting down, a youngling can never see even though he climbs the tallest tree”

This profound saying highlights the irreplaceable value of life experience. Elders have accumulated decades of knowledge through direct experiences, observations, and lessons learned from both successes and failures.

Despite their energy and enthusiasm, young people cannot match this depth of understanding simply through effort or physical advantages.

Wisdom comes with time. Young people should respect and learn from their elders’ perspectives, even when they don’t immediately understand the reasoning behind their advice.

3. “A lion will not give birth to a goat”

This proverb speaks to the power of inherent nature and genetic inheritance. Offsprings will inevitably reflect the characteristics, qualities, and traits of their parents.

Beyond literal biological inheritance, this saying also applies to broader concepts of legacy and influence. The actions, values, and behaviours that people demonstrate will be reflected in those they nurture or mentor.

4. “The Stubborn fly follows the corpse to the grave”

A cautionary tale about the dangers of refusing good advice, this proverb warns against obstinacy and poor judgment. Just as a fly that refuses to leave a corpse meets its doom, people who persistently ignore wise counsel often find themselves in dangerous or irreversible situations.

Importantly, heeding warnings and being open to guidance, as stubbornness can lead to dire consequences.

5. “Even if a goat frowns its face, someone will buy it at the market”

This optimistic proverb teaches that outward appearances or temporary setbacks do not determine one’s ultimate value or potential for success. It encourages people not to be discouraged by current circumstances or others’ perceptions.

Here, it means that opportunities exist for everyone and your current situation is not your final destination. Success often comes to those who persist despite appearing disadvantaged.

6. “The same sun that hardens clay, melts wax”

This proverb illustrates how identical circumstances can have vastly different effects on different people or situations. It speaks to the power of perspective and resilience.

Challenges that strengthen some may weaken others, and opportunities that benefit some may harm others. The key message is that outcomes often depend not on the circumstances themselves, but on how one responds to them and one’s inherent nature.

7. “No matter how hot one’s anger is, it cannot cook beans”

A lesson in emotional regulation, this proverb reminds us that anger, no matter how intense, is ultimately unproductive. It emphasizes the futility of holding onto rage, as anger alone cannot solve problems or improve situations.

Forgiveness and letting go are paramount here. This is because time naturally cools even the hottest tempers. It encourages people to channel their energy into constructive actions rather than maintaining unproductive anger.

8. “He who sleeps with an itchy anus will wake up with their hands smelling”

Hidden misdeeds will eventually come to light. It is a deterrent against engaging in secretive wrongdoing, reminding people that actions have consequences and that the truth has a way of revealing itself.

The proverb encourages ethical behaviour by highlighting the inevitability of exposure for those who engage in questionable activities.

9. “Only God can chase flies from a tail-less cow”

This proverb speaks to the vulnerability of those without natural defences or social support systems. It acknowledges that some people lack the resources or connections that others might take for granted.

However, it also offers hope by suggesting that divine intervention can provide protection and assistance to those who have no other helpers. The proverb both recognizes life’s inequalities and offers comfort to the disadvantaged.

10. “He who has no helpers must be sensible”

Building on the previous proverb, this saying advises those without support systems to rely on wisdom and careful judgment. It suggests that people who lack social, financial, or other forms of backup must be especially prudent in their decisions and actions.

Unlike those with safety nets who can afford to take risks, the unsupported person must think carefully about their choices, as they have only themselves to rely on when things go wrong.

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ARTS & CULTURE

Lagos Fringe Festival Returns For Its 7th Edition This November

Published

1 week ago

October 3, 2024

Reporter

Lagos Fringe Festival Returns For Its 7th Edition | fab.ng

The Lagos Fringe Festival is back for its seventh edition! The festival will kick off on November 19th and run until November 24th, 2024, at the iconic Freedom Park Lagos.

The team has packed this week with exciting workshops and a pop-up market. As the organisers revealed in a post, the event will feature talented artisans and creators. Interestingly, this year’s festival promises to be bigger and better than ever before, with something for everyone to enjoy.

“We are getting closer to #LF2024, and we can’t wait to bring you another unforgettable festival experience! From mind-blowing performances to hands-on workshops that will sharpen your creative edge, and a pop-up market showcasing the best of local and global talent, there’s something for everyone! Whether you are into theatre, music, dance, or film, or looking to level up your skills in one of our exciting workshops, the anticipation is real! Get ready to immerse yourself in the vibrant world of the Lagos Fringe Festival, where creativity comes to life!” the post said.

Lagos fringe festival organizers invite the public to showcase their work at the event.

“Lagos Fringe Festival is an open-access multidisciplinary art festival that offers producers, culture advocates, exhibitors, and performers the platform to showcase their existing or new work to a diverse audience, including local and international attendees, venue owners, curators, and art buyers,” the post added.

The Lagos Fringe Festival was launched in 2018. It has since experienced significant growth in the number of performances, participants, and audience engagement both locally and internationally. This growth has solidified its position as “one of the largest outdoor festivals in West Africa.”

According to a statement on their official site, “Over the last 7 years, Lagos Fringe has Impacted – over 5,000 young creatives, Produced – 500 + projects and events Entertained, 21,000+ people, Hosted 50+ international guests and employed over 70 personnel each year.”

Get more updates here.

ARTS & CULTURE

15 Crazy Fertility Myths Debunked

Published

2 weeks ago

September 29, 2024

Adaeze Okechi

It’s understandable to have some preconceived notions about fertility and conception, given the prevalence of myths and superstitions in this area. However, it’s important to recognize that our knowledge may not always be as comprehensive as we think.

Many common myths about fertility are actually based on old wives’ tales or unfounded cultural traditions, rather than scientific evidence. These misconceptions can lead to unnecessary anxiety or the adoption of ineffective practices when trying to conceive.

It’s crucial to have a deeper understanding of the actual biological processes and factors that influence fertility. This knowledge can help individuals and couples make informed decisions and seek appropriate medical advice when needed. Relying solely on hearsay or unsubstantiated myths can hinder the path to fertility and maintaining a healthy pregnancy.

By approaching the topic of fertility with an open and curious mindset, we can better separate fact from the myths. Seeking information from reliable, evidence-based sources can empower us to make well-informed choices and navigate the often complex journey of conception.

Understanding the realities of fertility can lead to more realistic expectations and a greater sense of control during this significant life experience.

What are some fertility myths that should be debunked?

1. Swallowing semen gives you a fertility boost.

False: The only way sperm aids fertility is when it’s inside the vaginal canal or fallopian tubes, making its way toward the egg. While semen does contain some protein, there are far more efficient and nutritious ways to meet your daily requirements than through oral sex.

Rest assured, engaging in oral sex, masturbation, or anything else that results in ejaculation won’t negatively affect a man’s sperm count. In fact, these activities are healthy during the conception process. For more on this topic, see myth number 17.

2. Having sex in the morning gives you a fertility boost.

False: The belief that a man produces more sperm overnight, making morning sex more effective for conception, is largely unfounded. While some studies suggest sperm count may be slightly higher in the morning, the difference is negligible.

It only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg, and sperm counts generally range between 75 to 76 million. The most important factor is having intercourse during the fertile window, regardless of the time of day.

3. You should have sex every day to boost your fertility.

False: Conception can only occur during the 5-6 days of a woman’s fertile window, meaning the rest of the month is infertile. While having intercourse multiple times during the fertile window can increase your chances, having sex outside of this period won’t impact fertility.

If you’re in the mood for sex at other times, go for it—it can still help you bond with your partner, even if it doesn’t directly contribute to making a baby.

4. Hang upside down for 20 minutes after sex to help sperm reach your egg.

False: Sperm are highly efficient swimmers, chemically programmed to reach the egg without assistance. There’s no need to rely on gravity or awkward positions, such as raising your legs or doing a handstand, to help the sperm reach their destination.

Research hasn’t shown any benefit from these methods, and they’re likely to cause more discomfort than help in your journey to conceive.

5. Women in their twenties don’t have fertility issues.

False: Although fertility does decline with age, women in their twenties can still experience fertility problems. Many young women struggle with conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, fibroids, or other fertility-related issues.

Lifestyle factors such as weight, medications, and athletic training also play a role. Fertility issues aren’t limited to age, so it’s important to be sensitive to this reality.

6. Masturbation lowers a man’s fertility.

False: The idea that frequent masturbation drains a man’s sperm supply and reduces fertility is a long-standing myth. In reality, regular masturbation can help keep the male reproductive system functioning efficiently.

It removes older sperm and replaces them with newer, more viable sperm that may have better motility. This actually benefits fertility rather than harming it.

7. The size of a man’s penis or testicles affects how fertile he is.

False: This myth likely stems from societal pressures that equate larger genitalia with virility, masculinity, and fertility. However, penis size has no bearing on a man’s ability to conceive.

As long as he is healthy and can ejaculate, size doesn’t matter. Fertility depends on sperm quality, not physical attributes like penis size.

8. You can “sync” with other women’s cycles and get your period when they do, hurting your chance of getting pregnant.

False: The concept of menstrual synchrony, where women who spend a lot of time together get their periods at the same time, gained popularity after a 1971 study. However, more recent research has failed to support this theory.

Periods may overlap by chance, but there’s no need to worry that syncing cycles with other women will affect your ability to conceive.

9. You can conceive a boy or a girl by doing certain things.

False: There are numerous myths surrounding how to influence the sex of your baby, such as placing a wooden spoon and scissors under your bed for a girl or keeping your partner’s testicles warm for a boy. Others suggest that timing intercourse early in the fertile window leads to conceiving a boy, while later increases the chances for a girl.

Despite the many variations of these myths, none of them are backed by scientific evidence. Even popular methods like the Shettles and Whelan strategies contradict each other. Focus on conceiving a healthy baby, and the sex will reveal itself in time.

10. You need to have an orgasm to conceive.

False: While orgasms may help sperm reach the egg through uterine contractions, they’re not required for conception. If orgasms were essential for pregnancy, infertility rates would be significantly higher, given that many women don’t orgasm from intercourse alone.

11. Orgasms cause women to release eggs.

False: Ovulation is driven by the gradual buildup of estrogen over several days and isn’t triggered by orgasms. While orgasms release oxytocin, which can cause uterine contractions that may help pull sperm towards the egg, they do not influence the actual release of an egg.

12. You’ll have twins if you eat yams.

Unconfirmed, but probably false: This myth originated when researchers observed that twin births were four times more common in West Africa than in the rest of the world.

To find the cause, they examined the local diet, which consisted mainly of cassava plants, a type of yam. However, there has never been a conclusive link between a diet rich in yams and an increased chance of conceiving twins.

Given that yams are starchy and low in nutritional value, adopting a yam-based diet with the hope of having multiples isn’t recommended.

13. You can get pregnant during your period.

False, with a caveat: While it’s technically impossible to conceive during your period, sperm can survive in the vaginal tract for up to five days.

If you have sex towards the end of your period and ovulate shortly after, there’s a small chance of pregnancy. While it’s rare, the possibility exists due to sperm longevity.

14. Missionary position is the only way you can get pregnant.

False: This myth is likely related to misconceptions about gravity’s role in sperm movement. In reality, you can conceive in any position, including woman-on-top.

There’s no evidence that any one position is more effective than another when it comes to conception. Choose whatever position feels best for you.

15. Infertility is always the woman’s fault…or the man’s fault.

False: The causes of infertility are evenly divided between men and women. In about 40% of cases, infertility is due to issues with the woman, while another 40% are due to male factors.

The remaining 20% are unexplained. If you’re struggling to conceive, don’t rush to assign blame. Seeing a fertility specialist is the best way to determine the cause.

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